{smcl}
{txt}{sf}{ul off}{.-}
      name:  {res}<unnamed>
       {txt}log:  {res}\\file\UsersW$\wrr15\Home\My Documents\My Files\ATANDA AKINWANDE\BCD PAPER\HEALTH ECONOMICS revision\NEW DATA AND PROGRAMS (20171021)\OnlineAppendix.smcl
  {txt}log type:  {res}smcl
 {txt}opened on:  {res}15 Nov 2017, 18:35:11
{txt}
{com}. use "\\file\UsersW$\wrr15\Home\My Documents\My Files\ATANDA AKINWANDE\BCD PAPER\HEALTH ECONOMICS revision\NEW DATA AND PROGRAMS (20171021)\BCD_dataset_09_11_2017", clear
{txt}
{com}. 
. replace lhl = log(lhl)
{txt}(392 real changes made)

{com}. xtset cid year
{res}{txt}{col 8}panel variable:  {res}cid (strongly balanced)
{txt}{col 9}time variable:  {res}{col 25}year, 1995 to 2016
{txt}{col 17}delta:  {res}1 unit
{txt}
{com}. 
. ///PURT - LHL variables//
> foreach v of varlist (lhl phpnh lprod prod k pop14 pop65 male llex lex linfmo infmo ///
>                       ltobaco tobaco lalcohc alcohc gdpg) {c -(}
{txt}  2{com}. multipurt `v', lags(2)
{txt}  3{com}. {c )-}


{txt}{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}lhl
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}27
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}392{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}14.88{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lhl {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 18.557{col 35}1.000
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 25.453{col 35}1.000
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 21.031{col 35}1.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lhl {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 39.519{col 35}0.930
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 73.403{col 35}0.041
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 49.813{col 35}0.637
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lhl {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  3.216{col 35}0.999{col 48}.
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  1.869{col 35}0.969{col 48}.
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  6.410{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lhl {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.520{col 35}0.698{col 48}.
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.104{col 35}0.542{col 48}.
         {txt}lhl {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  4.752{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}phpnh
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}25
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}503{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.36{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       phpnh {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 67.736{col 35}0.048
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 90.104{col 35}0.000
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 76.341{col 35}0.010
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       phpnh {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 47.712{col 35}0.566
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 95.437{col 35}0.000
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 83.939{col 35}0.002
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       phpnh {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  1.232{col 35}0.891{col 48}.
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -0.462{col 35}0.322{col 48}.
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -0.875{col 35}0.191{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       phpnh {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.079{col 35}0.532{col 48}.
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -3.038{col 35}0.001{col 48}.
       {txt}phpnh {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -2.595{col 35}0.005{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}lprod
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}27
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}585{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}21.71{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       lprod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 64.246{col 35}0.160
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 44.745{col 35}0.811
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 43.204{col 35}0.854
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       lprod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 16.691{col 35}1.000
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 24.732{col 35}1.000
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 39.060{col 35}0.937
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       lprod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.322{col 35}0.626{col 48}.
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.002{col 35}0.501{col 48}.
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -1.449{col 35}0.074{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       lprod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.927{col 35}0.823{col 48}.
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.490{col 35}0.688{col 48}.
       {txt}lprod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  0.434{col 35}0.668{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}prod
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}27
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}585{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}21.71{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        prod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  8.270{col 35}1.000
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 10.333{col 35}1.000
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 10.980{col 35}1.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        prod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 56.097{col 35}0.396
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 66.339{col 35}0.121
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 98.490{col 35}0.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        prod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -0.334{col 35}0.369{col 48}.
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.049{col 35}0.147{col 48}.
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -0.268{col 35}0.394{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        prod {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.500{col 35}0.691{col 48}.
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.097{col 35}0.539{col 48}.
        {txt}prod {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.754{col 35}0.960{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}k
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}602{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}21.60{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
           k {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 35.514{col 35}0.985
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 66.123{col 35}0.167
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 40.590{col 35}0.940
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
           k {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 15.931{col 35}1.000
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 42.027{col 35}0.917
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 22.566{col 35}1.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
           k {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -0.104{col 35}0.459{col 48}.
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  1.555{col 35}0.940{col 48}.
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  3.600{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
           k {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -1.152{col 35}0.125{col 48}.
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.050{col 35}0.147{col 48}.
           {txt}k {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.010{col 35}0.844{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}pop14
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}616{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}22.00{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}balanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop14 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}311.892{col 35}0.000
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 93.823{col 35}0.001
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 61.456{col 35}0.287
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop14 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 82.009{col 35}0.013
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 48.615{col 35}0.748
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 42.171{col 35}0.914
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop14 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  2.542{col 35}0.994{col 48}.
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  2.363{col 35}0.991{col 48}.
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  2.504{col 35}0.994{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop14 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  5.355{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  4.764{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
       {txt}pop14 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  6.262{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}pop65
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}616{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}22.00{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}balanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop65 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  8.470{col 35}1.000
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  6.976{col 35}1.000
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  7.176{col 35}1.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop65 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  5.620{col 35}1.000
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 43.817{col 35}0.882
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 17.193{col 35}1.000
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop65 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -0.889{col 35}0.187{col 48}.
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -0.458{col 35}0.323{col 48}.
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  0.507{col 35}0.694{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       pop65 {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  6.414{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  3.199{col 35}0.999{col 48}.
       {txt}pop65 {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  3.999{col 35}1.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}male
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}616{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}22.00{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}balanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        male {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 31.232{col 35}0.997
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 62.303{col 35}0.262
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 41.556{col 35}0.925
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        male {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 41.580{col 35}0.925
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 78.886{col 35}0.024
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 49.489{col 35}0.718
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        male {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -0.426{col 35}0.335{col 48}.
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -2.681{col 35}0.004{col 48}.
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  0.548{col 35}0.708{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        male {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.631{col 35}0.736{col 48}.
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.552{col 35}0.060{col 48}.
        {txt}male {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -0.111{col 35}0.456{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}llex
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}586{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.94{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        llex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 73.146{col 35}0.062
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 43.336{col 35}0.892
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 35.986{col 35}0.983
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        llex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}112.497{col 35}0.000
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 66.216{col 35}0.165
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 35.288{col 35}0.986
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        llex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -2.806{col 35}0.003{col 48}.
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -0.050{col 35}0.480{col 48}.
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.015{col 35}0.845{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        llex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -1.532{col 35}0.063{col 48}.
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  2.116{col 35}0.983{col 48}.
        {txt}llex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  2.908{col 35}0.998{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}lex
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}586{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.94{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 63.836{col 35}0.220
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 39.509{col 35}0.953
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 32.600{col 35}0.995
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}118.511{col 35}0.000
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 66.495{col 35}0.159
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 37.041{col 35}0.976
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -2.652{col 35}0.004{col 48}.
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.044{col 35}0.518{col 48}.
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.083{col 35}0.860{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
         lex {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -1.207{col 35}0.114{col 48}.
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  2.325{col 35}0.990{col 48}.
         {txt}lex {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  2.165{col 35}0.985{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}linfmo
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}583{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.85{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      linfmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 60.340{col 35}0.322
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 46.579{col 35}0.811
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 41.821{col 35}0.921
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      linfmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}198.599{col 35}0.000
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 84.958{col 35}0.008
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 59.683{col 35}0.343
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      linfmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -7.493{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.794{col 35}0.036{col 48}.
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -1.635{col 35}0.051{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      linfmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -6.724{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -0.224{col 35}0.411{col 48}.
      {txt}linfmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.126{col 35}0.870{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}infmo
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}583{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.85{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       infmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}140.190{col 35}0.000
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}107.998{col 35}0.000
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 85.575{col 35}0.007
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       infmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}220.143{col 35}0.000
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}112.637{col 35}0.000
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 70.211{col 35}0.096
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       infmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -8.357{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -5.104{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -1.564{col 35}0.059{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
       infmo {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -7.482{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -2.752{col 35}0.003{col 48}.
       {txt}infmo {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.257{col 35}0.896{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.
{err}
{col 2}Note that since the panel has gaps the CIPS t-bar statistic cannot be computed.
{col 2}However, the Z-tbar statistic is still available. Below error messages can be ignored.


{col 2}With 2 lag(s) as well as constant and trend terms {col 2}at least 10 observations are required for the Pesaran (2007) test.
{col 2}The following series do not contain sufficient observations:

{txt}group(count {c |}
        ry) {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
         20 {c |}{res}          5       41.67       41.67
{txt}         23 {c |}{res}          7       58.33      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         12      100.00
{err}
{col 2}Note that since the panel has gaps the CIPS t-bar statistic cannot be computed.
{col 2}However, the Z-tbar statistic is still available. Below error messages can be ignored.


{col 2}With 2 lag(s) as well as constant and trend terms {col 2}at least 10 observations are required for the Pesaran (2007) test.
{col 2}The following series do not contain sufficient observations:

{txt}group(count {c |}
        ry) {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
         20 {c |}{res}          5       41.67       41.67
{txt}         23 {c |}{res}          7       58.33      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         12      100.00


{txt}{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}lalcohc
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}576{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.60{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
     lalcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 57.784{col 35}0.409
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 42.795{col 35}0.903
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 35.613{col 35}0.985
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
     lalcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 56.217{col 35}0.467
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 41.007{col 35}0.934
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 30.826{col 35}0.998
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
     lalcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}  0.250{col 35}0.599{col 48}.
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  1.089{col 35}0.862{col 48}.
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  2.961{col 35}0.998{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
     lalcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -1.940{col 35}0.026{col 48}.
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.114{col 35}0.133{col 48}.
     {txt}lalcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  1.049{col 35}0.853{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}alcohc
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}576{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}20.60{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}unbalanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      alcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 55.536{col 35}0.492
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 39.197{col 35}0.957
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 33.130{col 35}0.994
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      alcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} 54.756{col 35}0.522
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} 38.648{col 35}0.963
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 27.750{col 35}0.999
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      alcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -0.092{col 35}0.463{col 48}.
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  1.109{col 35}0.866{col 48}.
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  3.172{col 35}0.999{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
      alcohc {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -2.512{col 35}0.006{col 48}.
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -1.720{col 35}0.043{col 48}.
      {txt}alcohc {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23}  0.710{col 35}0.761{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.


{col 2}First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

{col 2}Variables tested: {res}{col 30}gdpg
{txt}{col 2}Group variable: {res}{col 30}cid
{txt}{col 2}Number of groups: {res}{col 30}28
{txt}{col 2}Total # of observations: {res}{col 30}616{txt}+
{col 2}Average # of observations: {res}{col 30}22.00{txt}+
{col 2}Panel is {res}balanced{txt} and has {res}gaps
{txt}{col 2}+ Full sample statistics prior to testing.

{hline 52}
{col 2}(A) Maddala and Wu (1999) Panel Unit Root test (MW)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        gdpg {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}217.958{col 35}0.000
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}164.993{col 35}0.000
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 92.720{col 35}0.001
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}chi_sq{col 33}p-value
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        gdpg {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23}182.480{col 35}0.000
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}173.711{col 35}0.000
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} 81.945{col 35}0.013
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}


{hline 52}
{col 2}(B) Pesaran (2007) Panel Unit Root test (CIPS)
{hline 52}

{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification without trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        gdpg {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -7.034{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23} -3.394{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -3.469{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 38}
{col 2}            {c |}{col 20}Specification with trend
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
{col 2}   Variable {c |}{col 17}lags{col 24}Zt-bar{col 33}p-value{col 45}t-bar
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 38}
        gdpg {c |}{col 19}0{res}{col 23} -4.301{col 35}0.000{col 48}.
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}1{res}{col 23}  0.089{col 35}0.536{col 48}.
        {txt}gdpg {c |}{col 19}2{res}{col 23} -0.197{col 35}0.422{col 48}.
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 38}
{col 2}Null for MW and CIPS tests: series is I(1).
{col 2}MW test assumes cross-section independence.
{col 2}CIPS test assumes cross-section dependence is in 
{col 7}form of a single unobserved common factor.

{col 2}-multipurt- uses Scott Merryman's -xtfisher- and 
{col 7}Piotr Lewandowski's -pescadf-.

{com}. 
. 
. 
. ///Swamy (1970) RCM - LHL//
> 
. xtrc lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo ltobaco lalcohc gdpg, vce(conventional)
{txt}Note: {res}50{txt} obs. dropped (panels too small)

Random-coefficients regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       211
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        14

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}        12
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      15.1
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        18

{txt}{col 49}Wald chi2({res}10{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}    10.00
{txt}{col 49}Prob > chi2{col 67}={res}{col 73}0.4409

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}         lhl{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 7}lprod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}  .105485{col 26}{space 2} .1691979{col 37}{space 1}    0.62{col 46}{space 3}0.533{col 54}{space 4}-.2261368{col 67}{space 3} .4371068
{txt}{space 11}k {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}  .004144{col 26}{space 2} .0073872{col 37}{space 1}    0.56{col 46}{space 3}0.575{col 54}{space 4}-.0103347{col 67}{space 3} .0186226
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0150792{col 26}{space 2} .0664676{col 37}{space 1}   -0.23{col 46}{space 3}0.821{col 54}{space 4}-.1453533{col 67}{space 3} .1151948
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0074789{col 26}{space 2} .0564564{col 37}{space 1}   -0.13{col 46}{space 3}0.895{col 54}{space 4}-.1181314{col 67}{space 3} .1031736
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0341492{col 26}{space 2} .1240619{col 37}{space 1}   -0.28{col 46}{space 3}0.783{col 54}{space 4} -.277306{col 67}{space 3} .2090076
{txt}{space 8}llex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 3.324649{col 26}{space 2} 2.551588{col 37}{space 1}    1.30{col 46}{space 3}0.193{col 54}{space 4}-1.676372{col 67}{space 3} 8.325671
{txt}{space 6}linfmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0853413{col 26}{space 2} .0943715{col 37}{space 1}    0.90{col 46}{space 3}0.366{col 54}{space 4}-.0996234{col 67}{space 3}  .270306
{txt}{space 5}ltobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0551478{col 26}{space 2} .1064279{col 37}{space 1}   -0.52{col 46}{space 3}0.604{col 54}{space 4}-.2637427{col 67}{space 3} .1534472
{txt}{space 5}lalcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0550018{col 26}{space 2} .1956332{col 37}{space 1}   -0.28{col 46}{space 3}0.779{col 54}{space 4}-.4384358{col 67}{space 3} .3284322
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0010604{col 26}{space 2} .0023584{col 37}{space 1}    0.45{col 46}{space 3}0.653{col 54}{space 4}-.0035621{col 67}{space 3} .0056828
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-10.48578{col 26}{space 2}  14.0169{col 37}{space 1}   -0.75{col 46}{space 3}0.454{col 54}{space 4}-37.95839{col 67}{space 3} 16.98682
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
Test of parameter constancy:    chi2({res}143{txt}) = {res}27747.02      {txt}Prob > chi2 = {res}0.0000
{txt}
{com}. 
. ///Pesaran and Yamagata Delta Test (2008) - LHL//
> mixed lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo ltobaco lalcohc gdpg || cid: lprod, cov(unstruct)
{res}
{txt}Performing EM optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Performing gradient-based optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Iteration 0:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 355.75797}  (not concave)
{res}{txt}Iteration 1:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 376.70447}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 2:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 412.67581}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 3:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 414.09661}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 4:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 415.57831}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 5:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 415.60295}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 6:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 415.60306}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 7:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 415.60306}  
{res}
{txt}Computing standard errors:
{res}
{txt}Mixed-effects ML regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       261
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        19

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}         7
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      13.7
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        18

{col 49}{txt}Wald chi2({res}10{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}   113.29
{txt}Log likelihood = {res} 415.60306{col 49}{txt}Prob > chi2{col 67}={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}         lhl{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 7}lprod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0916318{col 26}{space 2} .0732053{col 37}{space 1}    1.25{col 46}{space 3}0.211{col 54}{space 4} -.051848{col 67}{space 3} .2351116
{txt}{space 11}k {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0005969{col 26}{space 2} .0020407{col 37}{space 1}    0.29{col 46}{space 3}0.770{col 54}{space 4}-.0034028{col 67}{space 3} .0045967
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0373097{col 26}{space 2} .0080249{col 37}{space 1}    4.65{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} .0215812{col 67}{space 3} .0530383
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0167074{col 26}{space 2} .0093451{col 37}{space 1}    1.79{col 46}{space 3}0.074{col 54}{space 4}-.0016085{col 67}{space 3} .0350234
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0084049{col 26}{space 2} .0263256{col 37}{space 1}   -0.32{col 46}{space 3}0.750{col 54}{space 4}-.0600022{col 67}{space 3} .0431924
{txt}{space 8}llex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 3.119866{col 26}{space 2} .7627926{col 37}{space 1}    4.09{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4}  1.62482{col 67}{space 3} 4.614912
{txt}{space 6}linfmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0243705{col 26}{space 2} .0235386{col 37}{space 1}    1.04{col 46}{space 3}0.301{col 54}{space 4}-.0217644{col 67}{space 3} .0705054
{txt}{space 5}ltobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.1226166{col 26}{space 2}  .032903{col 37}{space 1}   -3.73{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4}-.1871052{col 67}{space 3}-.0581279
{txt}{space 5}lalcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} -.041352{col 26}{space 2} .0484844{col 37}{space 1}   -0.85{col 46}{space 3}0.394{col 54}{space 4}-.1363796{col 67}{space 3} .0536756
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0015259{col 26}{space 2} .0010437{col 37}{space 1}    1.46{col 46}{space 3}0.144{col 54}{space 4}-.0005196{col 67}{space 3} .0035715
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-11.22821{col 26}{space 2} 3.700811{col 37}{space 1}   -3.03{col 46}{space 3}0.002{col 54}{space 4}-18.48166{col 67}{space 3}-3.974749
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}

{hline 29}{c TT}{hline 48}
{col 3}Random-effects Parameters{col 30}{c |}{col 34}Estimate{col 45}Std. Err.{col 59}[95% Conf. Interval]
{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{res}cid{txt}: Unstructured{col 30}{c |}
{col 19}var(lprod){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} .0446914{col 44} .0172474{col 58} .0209762{col 70} .0952185
{txt}{col 19}var(_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 1.120213{col 44} .3991715{col 58}   .55717{col 70} 2.252236
{txt}{col 13}cov(lprod,_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33}-.2133122{col 44} .0811677{col 58}-.3723981{col 70}-.0542264
{txt}{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{col 16}var(Residual){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} .0011762{col 44} .0001128{col 58} .0009747{col 70} .0014193
{txt}{hline 29}{c BT}{hline 48}
LR test vs. linear model:{col 27}chi2({res}3{txt}) = {res}806.66{col 59}{txt}Prob > chi2 ={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{p 0 6 4}Note: {help j_mixedlr##|_new:LR test is conservative} and provided only for reference.{p_end}

{com}. estimates store Full 
{txt}
{com}. mixed lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo ltobaco lalcohc gdpg || cid: 
{res}
{txt}Performing EM optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Performing gradient-based optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Iteration 0:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 362.55442}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 1:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: 362.55442}  
{res}
{txt}Computing standard errors:
{res}
{txt}Mixed-effects ML regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       261
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        19

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}         7
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      13.7
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        18

{col 49}{txt}Wald chi2({res}10{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}   530.37
{txt}Log likelihood = {res} 362.55442{col 49}{txt}Prob > chi2{col 67}={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}         lhl{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 7}lprod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .1571285{col 26}{space 2} .0532605{col 37}{space 1}    2.95{col 46}{space 3}0.003{col 54}{space 4} .0527399{col 67}{space 3}  .261517
{txt}{space 11}k {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}  .000705{col 26}{space 2} .0023552{col 37}{space 1}    0.30{col 46}{space 3}0.765{col 54}{space 4}-.0039112{col 67}{space 3} .0053212
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0041203{col 26}{space 2} .0073553{col 37}{space 1}    0.56{col 46}{space 3}0.575{col 54}{space 4}-.0102958{col 67}{space 3} .0185364
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0036956{col 26}{space 2} .0063632{col 37}{space 1}   -0.58{col 46}{space 3}0.561{col 54}{space 4}-.0161671{col 67}{space 3}  .008776
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0966605{col 26}{space 2} .0246682{col 37}{space 1}   -3.92{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4}-.1450094{col 67}{space 3}-.0483117
{txt}{space 8}llex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.760767{col 26}{space 2} .8099965{col 37}{space 1}    3.41{col 46}{space 3}0.001{col 54}{space 4} 1.173203{col 67}{space 3} 4.348331
{txt}{space 6}linfmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0435853{col 26}{space 2} .0257878{col 37}{space 1}    1.69{col 46}{space 3}0.091{col 54}{space 4}-.0069578{col 67}{space 3} .0941284
{txt}{space 5}ltobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0936163{col 26}{space 2} .0328538{col 37}{space 1}   -2.85{col 46}{space 3}0.004{col 54}{space 4}-.1580085{col 67}{space 3}-.0292241
{txt}{space 5}lalcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.2811717{col 26}{space 2} .0501353{col 37}{space 1}   -5.61{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} -.379435{col 67}{space 3}-.1829084
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0005719{col 26}{space 2} .0013495{col 37}{space 1}    0.42{col 46}{space 3}0.672{col 54}{space 4}-.0020731{col 67}{space 3}  .003217
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-4.379108{col 26}{space 2} 3.784803{col 37}{space 1}   -1.16{col 46}{space 3}0.247{col 54}{space 4}-11.79719{col 67}{space 3} 3.038969
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}

{hline 29}{c TT}{hline 48}
{col 3}Random-effects Parameters{col 30}{c |}{col 34}Estimate{col 45}Std. Err.{col 59}[95% Conf. Interval]
{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{res}cid{txt}: Identity{col 30}{c |}
{col 19}var(_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} .2395256{col 44} .0797044{col 58}  .124769{col 70} .4598299
{txt}{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{col 16}var(Residual){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} .0021364{col 44} .0001946{col 58} .0017871{col 70}  .002554
{txt}{hline 29}{c BT}{hline 48}
LR test vs. linear model:{col 27}{help j_chibar##|_new:chibar2(01) =} {res}700.56{col 55}{txt}Prob >= chibar2 = {col 73}{res}0.0000
{txt}
{com}. 
. lrtest Full

{txt}Likelihood-ratio test{col 55}LR chi2({res}2{txt}){col 67}={res}    106.10
{txt}(Assumption: {res}{stata est replay .:.}{txt} nested in {res}{stata est replay Full:Full}{txt}){col 55}Prob > chi2 = {res}   0.0000

{txt}{p 0 6 2}Note: The reported degrees of freedom assumes the null hypothesis is not on the boundary of the parameter space.  If this is not true, then the reported test is {help j_mixedlr##|_new:conservative}.{p_end}

{com}. 
. 
. ///Swamy (1970) - PHPNH//
> xtrc phpnh prod pop14 pop65 male lex infmo tobaco alcohc gdpg, vce(conventional)
{txt}Note: {res}14{txt} obs. dropped (panels too small)

Random-coefficients regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       270
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        15

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}        11
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      18.0
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        20

{txt}{col 49}Wald chi2({res}9{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}    10.17
{txt}{col 49}Prob > chi2{col 67}={res}{col 73}0.3369

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}       phpnh{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 8}prod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.7054926{col 26}{space 2}   .65257{col 37}{space 1}   -1.08{col 46}{space 3}0.280{col 54}{space 4}-1.984506{col 67}{space 3}  .573521
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-3.081989{col 26}{space 2} 4.983824{col 37}{space 1}   -0.62{col 46}{space 3}0.536{col 54}{space 4} -12.8501{col 67}{space 3} 6.686125
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-2.307112{col 26}{space 2} 2.379318{col 37}{space 1}   -0.97{col 46}{space 3}0.332{col 54}{space 4} -6.97049{col 67}{space 3} 2.356267
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.180838{col 26}{space 2}    17.71{col 37}{space 1}    0.12{col 46}{space 3}0.902{col 54}{space 4}-32.53012{col 67}{space 3}  36.8918
{txt}{space 9}lex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.817834{col 26}{space 2} 1.430542{col 37}{space 1}    1.97{col 46}{space 3}0.049{col 54}{space 4} .0140235{col 67}{space 3} 5.621644
{txt}{space 7}infmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} -1.77357{col 26}{space 2} 1.232835{col 37}{space 1}   -1.44{col 46}{space 3}0.150{col 54}{space 4}-4.189882{col 67}{space 3} .6427409
{txt}{space 6}tobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0060271{col 26}{space 2} .0073375{col 37}{space 1}   -0.82{col 46}{space 3}0.411{col 54}{space 4}-.0204083{col 67}{space 3} .0083542
{txt}{space 6}alcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-1.463218{col 26}{space 2} 2.364214{col 37}{space 1}   -0.62{col 46}{space 3}0.536{col 54}{space 4}-6.096993{col 67}{space 3} 3.170557
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0974844{col 26}{space 2} .1281406{col 37}{space 1}    0.76{col 46}{space 3}0.447{col 54}{space 4}-.1536665{col 67}{space 3} .3486352
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-83.79116{col 26}{space 2} 841.9039{col 37}{space 1}   -0.10{col 46}{space 3}0.921{col 54}{space 4}-1733.893{col 67}{space 3}  1566.31
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
Test of parameter constancy:    chi2({res}140{txt}) = {res} 9046.66      {txt}Prob > chi2 = {res}0.0000
{txt}
{com}. 
. ///Pesaran and Yamagata Delta Test (2008) - PHPNH//
> mixed phpnh prod pop14 pop65 male lex infmo tobaco alcohc gdpg || cid: prod, cov(unstruct)
{res}
{txt}Performing EM optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Performing gradient-based optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Iteration 0:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: -922.4439}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 1:{space 3}log likelihood = {res: -922.4439}  
{res}
{txt}Computing standard errors:
{res}
{txt}Mixed-effects ML regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       284
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        17

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}         5
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      16.7
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        20

{col 49}{txt}Wald chi2({res}9{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}   185.71
{txt}Log likelihood = {res} -922.4439{col 49}{txt}Prob > chi2{col 67}={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}       phpnh{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 8}prod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.6989039{col 26}{space 2} .4257452{col 37}{space 1}   -1.64{col 46}{space 3}0.101{col 54}{space 4}-1.533349{col 67}{space 3} .1355414
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-1.236965{col 26}{space 2} .6255018{col 37}{space 1}   -1.98{col 46}{space 3}0.048{col 54}{space 4}-2.462926{col 67}{space 3}-.0110041
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0675825{col 26}{space 2} .5588605{col 37}{space 1}   -0.12{col 46}{space 3}0.904{col 54}{space 4}-1.162929{col 67}{space 3} 1.027764
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.7696366{col 26}{space 2} 2.212766{col 37}{space 1}   -0.35{col 46}{space 3}0.728{col 54}{space 4}-5.106578{col 67}{space 3} 3.567305
{txt}{space 9}lex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.655994{col 26}{space 2} .7064249{col 37}{space 1}    3.76{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} 1.271427{col 67}{space 3} 4.040562
{txt}{space 7}infmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-1.765174{col 26}{space 2}  .269778{col 37}{space 1}   -6.54{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} -2.29393{col 67}{space 3}-1.236419
{txt}{space 6}tobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.0041583{col 26}{space 2} .0016554{col 37}{space 1}   -2.51{col 46}{space 3}0.012{col 54}{space 4}-.0074028{col 67}{space 3}-.0009139
{txt}{space 6}alcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.122801{col 26}{space 2}  .472993{col 37}{space 1}    4.49{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} 1.195752{col 67}{space 3} 3.049851
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.1350832{col 26}{space 2} .1033195{col 37}{space 1}   -1.31{col 46}{space 3}0.191{col 54}{space 4}-.3375857{col 67}{space 3} .0674193
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-30.21456{col 26}{space 2} 118.2222{col 37}{space 1}   -0.26{col 46}{space 3}0.798{col 54}{space 4}-261.9257{col 67}{space 3} 201.4966
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}

{hline 29}{c TT}{hline 48}
{col 3}Random-effects Parameters{col 30}{c |}{col 34}Estimate{col 45}Std. Err.{col 59}[95% Conf. Interval]
{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{res}cid{txt}: Unstructured{col 30}{c |}
{col 20}var(prod){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 2.854489{col 44} 1.005838{col 58} 1.430836{col 70} 5.694647
{txt}{col 19}var(_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 5377.081{col 44} 1892.135{col 58} 2697.853{col 70} 10717.04
{txt}{col 14}cov(prod,_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33}-123.3788{col 44} 43.45574{col 58}-208.5505{col 70}-38.20709
{txt}{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{col 16}var(Residual){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 23.69516{col 44} 2.158157{col 58}  19.8213{col 70} 28.32612
{txt}{hline 29}{c BT}{hline 48}
LR test vs. linear model:{col 27}chi2({res}3{txt}) = {res}387.01{col 59}{txt}Prob > chi2 ={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{p 0 6 4}Note: {help j_mixedlr##|_new:LR test is conservative} and provided only for reference.{p_end}

{com}. estimates store Full 
{txt}
{com}. mixed phpnh prod pop14 pop65 male lex infmo tobaco alcohc gdpg || cid: 
{res}
{txt}Performing EM optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Performing gradient-based optimization: 
{res}
{txt}Iteration 0:{space 3}log likelihood = {res:-1085.3477}  
{res}{txt}Iteration 1:{space 3}log likelihood = {res:-1085.3477}  
{res}
{txt}Computing standard errors:
{res}
{txt}Mixed-effects ML regression{col 49}Number of obs{col 67}={col 69}{res}       284
{txt}Group variable: {res}cid{col 49}{txt}Number of groups{col 67}={col 69}{res}        17

{txt}{col 49}Obs per group:
{col 63}min{col 67}={col 69}{res}         5
{txt}{col 63}avg{col 67}={col 69}{res}      16.7
{txt}{col 63}max{col 67}={col 69}{res}        20

{col 49}{txt}Wald chi2({res}9{txt}){col 67}={col 70}{res}   142.42
{txt}Log likelihood = {res}-1085.3477{col 49}{txt}Prob > chi2{col 67}={col 73}{res}0.0000

{txt}{hline 13}{c TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{col 1}       phpnh{col 14}{c |}      Coef.{col 26}   Std. Err.{col 38}      z{col 46}   P>|z|{col 54}     [95% Con{col 67}f. Interval]
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}
{space 8}prod {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0783611{col 26}{space 2} .1313614{col 37}{space 1}    0.60{col 46}{space 3}0.551{col 54}{space 4}-.1791025{col 67}{space 3} .3358246
{txt}{space 7}pop14 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-1.607444{col 26}{space 2}  .973888{col 37}{space 1}   -1.65{col 46}{space 3}0.099{col 54}{space 4}-3.516229{col 67}{space 3} .3013414
{txt}{space 7}pop65 {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.9375418{col 26}{space 2} .8241313{col 37}{space 1}   -1.14{col 46}{space 3}0.255{col 54}{space 4}-2.552809{col 67}{space 3} .6777259
{txt}{space 8}male {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 2.741605{col 26}{space 2} 3.297416{col 37}{space 1}    0.83{col 46}{space 3}0.406{col 54}{space 4}-3.721212{col 67}{space 3} 9.204422
{txt}{space 9}lex {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 3.316587{col 26}{space 2} 1.067746{col 37}{space 1}    3.11{col 46}{space 3}0.002{col 54}{space 4} 1.223843{col 67}{space 3} 5.409331
{txt}{space 7}infmo {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} 3.027257{col 26}{space 2} .3321938{col 37}{space 1}    9.11{col 46}{space 3}0.000{col 54}{space 4} 2.376169{col 67}{space 3} 3.678344
{txt}{space 6}tobaco {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2} .0009752{col 26}{space 2} .0026479{col 37}{space 1}    0.37{col 46}{space 3}0.713{col 54}{space 4}-.0042146{col 67}{space 3} .0061651
{txt}{space 6}alcohc {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.7371818{col 26}{space 2} .6993405{col 37}{space 1}   -1.05{col 46}{space 3}0.292{col 54}{space 4}-2.107864{col 67}{space 3} .6335004
{txt}{space 8}gdpg {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-.2706481{col 26}{space 2} .2007133{col 37}{space 1}   -1.35{col 46}{space 3}0.178{col 54}{space 4}-.6640389{col 67}{space 3} .1227427
{txt}{space 7}_cons {c |}{col 14}{res}{space 2}-268.5252{col 26}{space 2} 159.2903{col 37}{space 1}   -1.69{col 46}{space 3}0.092{col 54}{space 4}-580.7284{col 67}{space 3} 43.67809
{txt}{hline 13}{c BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}{hline 9}{hline 8}{hline 13}{hline 12}

{hline 29}{c TT}{hline 48}
{col 3}Random-effects Parameters{col 30}{c |}{col 34}Estimate{col 45}Std. Err.{col 59}[95% Conf. Interval]
{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{res}cid{txt}: Identity{col 30}{c |}
{col 19}var(_cons){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 75.22116{col 44} 31.13695{col 58}  33.4191{col 70} 169.3111
{txt}{hline 29}{c +}{hline 48}
{col 16}var(Residual){col 30}{c |}{res}{col 33} 105.0859{col 44}  9.15655{col 58}  88.5882{col 70} 124.6559
{txt}{hline 29}{c BT}{hline 48}
LR test vs. linear model:{col 27}{help j_chibar##|_new:chibar2(01) =} {res}61.20{col 55}{txt}Prob >= chibar2 = {col 73}{res}0.0000
{txt}
{com}. 
. lrtest Full

{txt}Likelihood-ratio test{col 55}LR chi2({res}2{txt}){col 67}={res}    325.81
{txt}(Assumption: {res}{stata est replay .:.}{txt} nested in {res}{stata est replay Full:Full}{txt}){col 55}Prob > chi2 = {res}   0.0000

{txt}{p 0 6 2}Note: The reported degrees of freedom assumes the null hypothesis is not on the boundary of the parameter space.  If this is not true, then the reported test is {help j_mixedlr##|_new:conservative}.{p_end}

{com}. 
. 
. 
. ///Westlund (2007) Cointegration Test///
> // Unfortunately, we could not run these tests because we received the error message:
. // "No more than 6 covariates can be specified"
. 
. //xtwest lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo, lags(1 3) leads(0 2) trend
. 
. //xtectest lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo, lags(1 3) leads(0 2) trend
. 
. //Ditzen's (2016) recursive correction for small sample bias
. //Unfortunately when we attempted to estimate the following model
. //xtdcce2 lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo , cr(_all) reportc trend recursive
. // we obtained the following error message 
. // "More variables (459) than observations (356)."
. 
. 
. //Pedroni Coinetgration Test//
. // NOTE: We have to estimate the Model (7) specification rather than the Model (9) ///
. // specification because when we run the latter we receive the following error message:
. // "The number of regressors can't exceed seven"
. 
. xtpedroni lhl lprod k pop14 pop65 male llex linfmo, nopdols extraobs lagselect(aic)
{txt}(84 missing values generated)
(28 missing values generated)
(22 missing values generated)


Please Wait: Calculating Statistics


{bf:Pedroni's cointegration tests:}
No. of Panel units: 27{col 30}Regressors: 7
No. of obs.: 383{col 30}Avg obs. per unit: 14
Data has been time-demeaned.
{res}
{txt}{space 4}{hline 15}{c  TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:Test Stats.}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:Panel}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:Group}{space 1}
{space 4}{hline 15}{c   +}{hline 11}{hline 11}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:v}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:   -4.928}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:        .}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:rho}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:     6.59}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:     8.78}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:t}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    -9.89}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:   -13.34}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:adf}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    1.298}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:        .}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{hline 15}{c  BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}
All test statistics are distributed N(0,1), under a null of no cointegration,
and diverge to negative infinity (save for panel {it:v}).

{com}. 
. xtpedroni phpnh prod k pop14 pop65 male lex infmo, nopdols extraobs lagselect(aic)
{txt}(28 missing values generated)
(28 missing values generated)
(22 missing values generated)


Please Wait: Calculating Statistics


{bf:Pedroni's cointegration tests:}
No. of Panel units: 24{col 30}Regressors: 7
No. of obs.: 456{col 30}Avg obs. per unit: 19
Data has been time-demeaned.
{res}
{txt}{space 4}{hline 15}{c  TT}{hline 11}{hline 11}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:Test Stats.}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:Panel}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:Group}{space 1}
{space 4}{hline 15}{c   +}{hline 11}{hline 11}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:v}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:   -2.709}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:        .}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:rho}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    5.188}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    7.131}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:t}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:   -5.223}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:   -6.182}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{space 0}{ralign 14:adf}{space 1}{c |}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    8.516}}}{space 1}{space 1}{ralign 9:{res:{sf:    6.797}}}{space 1}
{space 4}{hline 15}{c  BT}{hline 11}{hline 11}
All test statistics are distributed N(0,1), under a null of no cointegration,
and diverge to negative infinity (save for panel {it:v}).

{com}. 
. 
. 
{txt}end of do-file

{com}. 